What Is a Diesel Fuel Cetane Rating

Cetane is a colorless, liquid hydrocarbon (a molecule from the alkane series) that ignites easily under compression. For this reason, it was given a base rating of 100  and is used as the  standard measure of the performance of compression ignition fuels, such as diesel fuel and biodiesel. All the sundry hydrocarbon constituents of diesel fuel are measured and indexed to cetanes base 100 rating. What Is Cetane Number? Similar to the octane number rating that is applied to gasoline to rate its ignition stability, cetane number is the rating assigned to diesel fuel to rate its combustion quality. While gasolines octane number signifies its ability to resist auto-ignition (also referred to as pre-ignition, knocking, pinging, or detonation), diesels cetane number is a measure of the fuels delay of ignition time (the amount of time between the injection of fuel into the combustion chamber and the actual start of combustion of the fuel charge). Because diesels rely on compression ignition (no spark), the fuel must be able to auto-ignite — and generally, the quicker the better. A higher cetane number means a shorter ignition delay time and more complete combustion of the fuel charge in the combustion chamber. This, of course, translates into a smoother running, better performing engine with more power and fewer harmful emissions. How Does the Cetane Number Test Work? The process for determining true cetane rating requires the use of precisely controlled test engines and procedures or fuel analysis with exacting instruments and conditions. Because using dedicated engines and processes or instruments for real fuel tests is painstaking, expensive and time-consuming, many diesel fuel formulators use a calculated method to determine cetane numbers. Two common tests are ASTM D976 and ASTM 4737. These two tests use fuel density and boiling/evaporation points to derive cetane ratings. How Does Cetane Number Affect Engine Performance? Just as there is no benefit to using gasoline with an octane rating higher than recommended for a specific engine by its manufacturer, using diesel fuel with a higher cetane rating than is required for a particular diesel engine design yields no bonuses. Cetane number requirements depend mainly on engine design, size, ​speed of operation, and load variations — and to a slightly lesser extent, atmospheric conditions. Conversely, running a diesel engine on fuel with a lower than recommended cetane number can result in rough operation (noise and vibration), low power output, excessive deposits and wear, and hard starting.​ Cetane Numbers of Various Diesel Fuels Normal modern highway diesels run best with a fuel rated between 45 and 55. Following is a list  of cetane numbers varying grades and types of compression ignition diesel fuels: Regular diesel--48Premium diesel--55Biodiesel (B100)--55Biodiesel blend (B20)--50Synthetic diesel--55 A label should be affixed to the pump that states both the fuel type and cetane number. Its important to find a station that dispenses fuel of the cetane number recommended by the vehicle manufacturer.

A Research Study About The Stereotype Threat Effect On...

Furthermore, sports can serve as a tool to build and boost confidence. In a research study about the stereotype threat effect on African- American college students it showed that students either respond to the stereotype threat with a performance reduction or with disidentification and concentration on activities in which they are already successful (Aronson, Fried, Good, 2000). Based on the findings of DeMeulenaere’s study on four individuals over a timespan of two years, students tend to be more open to challenging activities, if they have a solid foundation in one specific area that gives them pride and self-confidence (DeMeulenaere, 2010). This sample size is not really big and might probably consist of many confounding variables, but the interviews with the influential people around these studied individuals, such as the peers, family, teachers, and coaches, show many different and consistent perspectives. Besides, through sports many people can be reached and get attached to the school in a different way then with academics. Nowadays, students are less and less interested in learning new things and gaining knowledge, which is supposed to be the most powerful weapon. This phenomenon is shown in the high school dropout rates and less extracurricular participation during high school (Whitley, 1999). For many students physical activation is a more relatable field and helps them in developing confidence and a pride for and by the school (DeMeulenaere, 2010). The developedShow MoreRelatedStereotype Threats Of College Students1417 Words   |  6 Pages Stereotype Threats of Undergraduates Chassydi Turner Education Psychology Dr. Sandra Hull April 23, 2015 â€Æ' Stereotype produces numerous situations when most are negative in nature. Many studies have been extended since first reported by Steele and Aaronson in earlier years. 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Identify the Functional Strategies That Mcdonald Pursue free essay sample

Identify the functional strategies that McDonald pursue to establish its strong foothold and make India as an export base for cheese, lettuce and other product. Ans: First, we would like to define what does â€Å"Strategy† mean? Strategy is a plan or course of action or set of decision rules making a pattern and creating a commong thread. And Functional Strategy is the approach a functional area take to achieve corporate ans business unit objectives and strategies by maximizing resource productivity.McDonald’s operating and expanding its business in India with using various functional strategies. They have very successfully set up a first-world standard supply chain and have done an excellent job in setting up a restaurant system with vegetarian/meat areas distinctly differentiated. Overall, they have been very responsive to the Indian environment. In terms of funtional strategy theory McDonald focuses on its marketing strategies as well as its procduction function to establish a strong foothold in indian market. We will write a custom essay sample on Identify the Functional Strategies That Mcdonald Pursue or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page nder functional strategy, McDonald focuses on the following areas: *Marketing Strategy *R D Strategy *Finacial Strategy *Information Management Strategy **Maketing Strategy: Marketing strategy deals with pricing, selling and distributing a product. Here McDonald’s initial focus area wasthe people of relatively high income in Delhi and Mumbai. Then it set up its pricing and advertising policy to attract this area. ** RDstrategy: RD deals with two very important: 1) Product Innovation and 2) Production Improvement.The starting point for McDonalds India was to change Indian consumers perceptions, which associated it with being foreign, American, not knowing what to expect and discomfort with the new or different. McDonalds wanted to position itself as Indian and a promoter of family values and culture, as well as being comfortable and easy. Simultaneously, the brand wanted to communicate that, operationally, it was committed to maintaining a quality service, cleanliness and offering value for money.